(Translation by F. Grigor)This dissertation was
supposedly given by Chief Justice Fortescue to Prince Edward,the son and heir of King
Henry VI,during their exile at Koeur-La-Petite (between 1464 and 1470) as part of his
education as a future King.
Chap. IX A King of England cannot, at his pleasure, make any alterations in the laws of
the land.... He can neither make any alteration, or change in the laws of the Realm
without the consent of the subject, nor burthen them, against their wills, with strange
impositions, so that a people governed by such laws as are made by their own consent and
approbation enjoy their properties securely,and without the hazard of being deprived of
them, either by the King or any other.
Chap. X111 [The King] is appointed to protect his subjects in their lives properties
and laws; for this very end and purpose he has the delegation of power from the people;
and he has no just claim to any other power but this.
Chap. XVIII [The statute law of England] does not flow solely from the mere will of one
man, as the laws do in those countries which are governed in a despotic manner;... But the
Statutes of England are produced in quite another manner; not enacted by the sole will of
the Prince, but with the concurrent consent of the whole Kingdom.by their representatives
in Parliament.....they are the result, not of one man's wisdom only, or a hundred, but
such an assembly as the Roman Senate was of old, more than three hundred select
persons;....And, if any bills passed into a law.....should happen not to answer to the
intention of the legislators, they can immediately be amended and repealed, in a
whole or in part, that is, with the same consent and in the same manner, as they were
first enacted into a law.
Author's note;- Chief Justice Fortescue was a highly regarded Judge and the foremost
constitutional lawyer of the 15th-century, but he does seem to have been an idealist
rather than a realist. For instance, nothing is said about the Royal Prerogative, whose
sweeping powers were not readily or easily to be contradicted by a Statute, and neither is
any mention made of a medieval King's undoubted right to add provisos of his own to any
Statute; provided these were made during the lifetime of the Parliament which had passed
the Statute, and were confined to the matters dealt with by it, they were as much
part of the Statute as the text approved by Parliament. Perhaps the Chief Justice was
concerned to build on what already existed (much of what he regarded as ideal had already
come about), and to steer it towards what he saw as perfection. He was well aware that
constitutional evolution in England was a slow process, and transforming the early
medieval absolutist rule by the King, assisted by his Council, would not be turned by the
wave of a wand into rule by King, Council, and the people's representatives in Parliament.
This could account for the many differences between his ideals and the realities, which
all too often are to be discerned in individual cases.
It must be remembered that the Chief Justice was instructing an intelligent, interested
and pliable youngster in his own ideals, and obviously hoped for great things from him
once he had become King of England. Edward never did, perishing on the battlefield of
Tewkesbury 1471. [pages]