There has long been controversy on these subjects, and in
March 1995, this came to a head between Doctor Stephen Partington, an expert on medieval
armies, and the actor Mr Robert Hardy, whose expertise lies in the 6-foot longbow.A
meeting was held in the Tower of London to argue the differing views, but no agreement was
possible.
It is suggested by the author that the key to understanding the initial dispositions of
the English army and the tactics that it must have used during the battle lay in the views
taken by King Henry V and Sir Thomas Erpingham of the archers. They seem to have been very
much the same as those taken by the Duke of Wellington of the Light Division during the
Peninsular War (1808-1814). In each case, the archers and the Light Division were
considered to be very essential supports to the main body of the army, the armoured
knights and the men-at-arms in the 15th-century, and the massed infantry and cavalry in
the 19th. Each could move very quickly to where they were most needed, indeed far more
quickly than could the main body, and the special weapons with which they were armed
allowed very versatile employment.
The initial deployment of the English army must surely have followed the usual
formation of the time when an enemy cavalry charge was expected. The men-at-arms of each
division, supplemented by such of the armoured knights who did not hold some command,
formed up on foot into a solid phalanx and constituted the nucleus of each division, each
nucleus being in line with its fellows to the right and the left, but with gaps in
between. When fighting a defensive battle, it was the responsibility of each nucleus to
repel an enemy attack in whatever form it came. The division's archers were posted on its
wings in lines which stretched forwards diagonally towards the enemy, and they had the
effect of filling in the gaps, each division's archers rubbing shoulders with those of the
neighbouring division. The resulting formation of the army, as seen on a plan, resembled a
harrow, or a number of 'w's with their points towards the enemy. The archers task was to
break up and drive away an enemy cavalry charge with flights of arrows; if this was not
possible, then their arrows must so decimate the enemy that by the time they reached the
line of men-at-arms, their all-important impetus would have been lost. In the event, the
archers alone repelled the charges of the French cavalry which never reached the English
lines.
The advance of the first French division on foot, later supported by the second
division, posed a new tactical problem. It would have been desirable to close the gaps
between the nucleus of each division to prevent any chance of their being exploited by the
French. It is suggested that the men-at-arms in Lord Camoys's and the Duke of York's
divisions would have dressed up to those of the King's division, and so formed one solid
phalanx instead of three.
It would have made no sense to require the archers to stand their ground. They were far
too lightly armoured to risk a hand-to-hand encounter with the French armoured knights,
and in a tight scrummage they could not have drawn their bows. They could however be
withdrawn to the wings where they would have had three obvious tasks; to shoot into the
wings of the advancing French and so decimate them that there was no danger of their
out-flanking the English line and taking it in the rear, possibly even surrounding it; to
shoot into the French centre, and so reduce it that if it reached the English line its
impact would be greatly reduced; to prevent any attempt by the French to infiltrate
through the woods. Once the range had lessened so that the arrows could pierce the French
armour, they would cause havoc. From the French side, the rapid rate of shooting from 6,
000 bows must have seemed like a solid wall, and a lethal one at that, being shot into
their faces. They had no effective answer until they could come to grips with the archers
and use the sweep of their great swords.
It was probably never intended by either the King or Erpingham that the archers should
join in the melee as they did when the French attack was seen to fail. Fat ransoms
beckoned, and the English Command was probably unable to prevent them from doing so. The
most their officers could achieve was to prevent them chasing their prey so far that they
would endanger themselves and the army.
Manoeuvring on a medieval battle field was rare, but was not completely unknown. [Chapter ] The English re-deployment once the French were seen to be
advancing on foot would have taken only a few minutes to effect, and seems such an obvious
course that it is hard to imagine that any other would be adopted. In any event, an
English victory would only have been possible by considering the English men-at-arms and
archers as complementary to one another and employing them accordingly. Any idea that they
were separate arms so that never the twain should meet would, in the circumstances, have
surely resulted in defeat.